About this resource vii

Acknowledgements xiv

Science Inquiry

1 Investigating science 1

1.1 Overview 2

1.2 Thinking flexibly 5

1.3 Science and ethics 14

1.4 Designing and conducting your own investigation 24

1.5 SkillBuilder — Controlled, dependent and independent variables

1.6 SkillBuilder — Writing an aim and forming a hypothesis

1.7 SkillBuilder — Measuring and reading scales

1.8 SkillBuilder — Creating a simple column or bar graph

1.9 SkillBuilder — Drawing a line graph

1.10 Sample scientific investigation 44

1.11 Using secondary sources to draw conclusions 48

1.12 Using spreadsheets 50

1.13 SkillBuilder — Using a Spreadsheet

1.14 Using data loggers and databases 57

1.15 Review 61

Biological Sciences

2 Getting into genes 69

2.1 Overview 70

2.2 Chromosomes, genes and DNA 73

2.3 Discovering the structure of DNA 85

2.4 Unlocking the DNA code 91

2.5 Mitosis and meiosis 103

2.6 Changing the code through mutations 115

2.7 Exploring patterns in the genome and genetic sequences 122

2.8 Inheritance of genes 131

2.9 Punnett squares and predicting inheritance .. 141

2.10 Interpreting pedigree charts 150

2.11 Exposing your genes through genetic testing 158

2.12 Biotechnological tools to edit the genome 168

2.13 Interwoven stories of DNA and the genome .. 176

2.14 Thinking tools — Priority grids 184

2.15 Project — Genetic discrimination 186

2.16 Review 188

3 Evolution 203

3.1 Overview 204

3.2 Classification 208

3.3 Processes of natural selection 211

3.4 Biodiversity as a function of evolution 219

3.5 Genetics and evolution 230

3.6 Evidence of the theory of evolution 237

3.7 Thinking tools — Gantt charts 255

3.8 Project — Natural selection board game 257

3.9 Review 258

Chemical Sciences

4 Chemical patterns 269

4.1 Overview 270

4.2 The periodic table 273

4.3 Electrons, electron configuration and shells .. 291

4.4 Extension: Ionic bonding — Give and take 305

4.5 Extension: Covalent bonding — When sharing works best 312

4.6 The reactivity of metals 317

4.7 Finding the right formula 324

4.8 Thinking tools — Concept maps and mind maps 333

4.9 Project — The mystery metal 336

4.10 Review 337

5 Chemical reactions 345

5.1 Overview 346

5.2 The language of chemistry 348

5.3 Safety with chemicals 353

5.4 Synthesis reactions 358

5.5 Decomposition reactions 362

5.6 Single displacement reactions 367

5.7 Double displacement — neutralisation 372

5.8 Double displacement — precipitation 380

5.9 Redox reactions 386

5.10 Rates of reaction 389

5.11 Making useful products 396

5.12 Thinking tools — Target maps 403

5.13 Project — Flavour fountain 405

5.14 Review 406

Contents v

Earth and Space Sciences

6 The mysterious Universe 415

6.1 Overview 416

6.2 What can we observe in the changing night sky? 418

6.3 How can we measure cosmic distances? 422

6.4 What does starlight tell us? 426

6.5 How did it all begin? 437

6.6 Advancing science, technology and engineering 443

6.7 Thinking tools — Matrices 451

6.8 Review 453

7 Patterns of global climate change 459

7.1 Overview 460

7.2 Global systems 462

7.3 Climate patterns 476

7.4 Climate change 483

7.5 Biodiversity and climate change 494

7.6 Cool solutions 504

7.7 Thinking tools — Fishbone diagrams 518

7.8 Project — Fifty years later 520

7.9 Review 521

Physical Sciences

8 Forces, energy and motion 529

8.1 Overview 530

8.2 Average speed, distance and time 532

8.3 Measuring speed 541

8.4 Acceleration and changes in velocity 548

8.5 Forces and Newton’s First Law of Motion 553

8.6 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 561

8.7 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 565

8.8 Work and energy 569

8.9 Conservation of energy 574

8.10 Designing safety devices 580

8.11 Thinking tools — Cycle maps 585

8.12 Project — Rock and rollercoaster 587

8.13 Review 588

9 Science quests

9.1 Overview

9.2 Endless possibilities

9.3 From superheroes to super science

9.4 The nanoworld

9.5 Stem cells

9.6 Moving to Mars

9.7 The science quest continues

9.8 Review

10 Psychology

10.1 Overview

10.2 Introducing psychology

10.3 The brain

10.4 Intelligence

10.5 Emotions and communication

10.6 Sleep and sleep disorders

10.7 Psychopathology

10.8 Treatment of mental disorders

10.9 Groups and social psychology

10.10 Forensic psychology

10.11 Review

11 Forensics

11.1 Overview

11.2 The Forensic Herald

11.3 Who knows who dunnit?

11.4 Forensic toolbox

11.5 Discovering the truth through forensics

11.6 Clues from blood

11.7 Clues in hair, fibres and tracks

11.8 Life as a forensic scientist

11.9 Forensics and the future

11.10 Review

Periodic table 604

Glossary 607

Index 621