About This Resource ix

Acknowledgements xvi

Understanding cognitive verbs 1

History 2

1 History Concepts and Skills 4

1.1 Overview 5

1.2 Concepts in History 6

1.3 Skills in History 15

1.4 SkillBuilder: Sequencing events in chronological order

1.5 SkillBuilder: Determining historical significance

1.6 SkillBuilder: Analysing cartoons

1.7 SkillBuilder: Analysing photos in WWI

1.8 SkillBuilder: Identifying continuity and change

1.9 SkillBuilder: Analysing different perspectives

1.10 SkillBuilder: Analysing cause and effect

1.11 Review 20

2 Australia (1750–1918): Colonisation and Conflict 22

2.1 Overview 23

2.2 How do we know about race relations in colonial Australia? 25

2.3 Where and why did the European powers have colonies in the late eighteenth century? 29

2.4 Did convict transportation to Australia create or solve problems? 34

2.5 Why did the colonists and First Nations Australians come into conflict? 38

2.6 Who were Australia’s First Nations leaders in the fight against colonial control? 45

2.7 What happened on Australia’s colonial frontier? 49

2.8 Where was Australia Felix? 55

2.9 What did ‘civilisation’ mean for the First Nations Australians? 62

2.10 Why are there two images of colonial Australia? 68

2.11 How did colonisation impact on the traditions and beliefs of the Peoples of the Torres Strait? 74

2.12 INQUIRY: Protected lives? 79

2.13 Why a ‘White Australia’? 81

2.14 Review 87

3 Australia (1750–1918): From Colonies to Nationhood 92

3.1 Overview 93

3.2 How do we know about late colonial and early twentieth-century Australia? 95

3.3 How did migration create colonial Australia? 98

3.4 How did the gold rushes change the face of Australia? 105

3.5 Why was Eureka of significance to the development of Australia? 113

3.6 What was the influence of the selectors and who were the squatters? 120

3.7 Why was Melbourne marvellous? 125

3.8 How equal was colonial Australian society? 130

3.9 When did the trade unions develop? 135

3.10 Who shaped the Australian colonial identity? 140

3.11 INQUIRY: The Federation Game 146

3.12 When did Australian women gain political rights? 148

3.13 Why did the colonies move to Federation? 154

3.14 What made Australia’s Commonwealth? 162

3.15 Review 168

4 World War I (1914–1918) 174

4.1 Overview 175

4.2 How do we know about World War I? 177

4.3 What caused World War I? 180

4.4 Where was the war fought? 187

4.5 Why did Australians enlist and where did they fight? 191

4.6 Why did Australians fight at Gallipoli? 195

4.7 Why have aspects of the Gallipoli campaign been contested? 200

4.8 What were the hardships of trench warfare? 203

4.9 What were the experiences of Anzac troops on the Western Front? 207

4.10 How did the war impact the Australian home front? 211

4.11 How did the conscription issue divide Australians? 218

4.12 Why did the war on the Eastern Front lead to revolution and Russian withdrawal from the war? 222

4.13 What was the war’s aftermath and how has it been commemorated? 227

4.14 How did the war affect Australia’s international relations? 233

4.15 INQUIRY: Other battles of World War I 238

4.16 Review 239

5 The Industrial Revolution: Technology and Progress 244

5.1 Overview 245

5.2 How do we know about the Industrial Revolution? 247

5.3 Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain? 250

5.4 How did changes in agriculture result in changes in society? 254

5.5 How did Empire fuel the revolution? 260

5.6 What did investment have to do with the Industrial Revolution? 265

5.7 How did new power sources drive the Industrial Revolution? 269

5.8 Why was coal and iron so vital? 277

5.9 How did transport drive the Industrial Revolution? 281

5.10 How was the Industrial Revolution ‘exported’ around the world? 288

5.11 INQUIRY: Promoting industrialisation 292

5.12 Review 294

6 The Industrial Revolution: The Impact on People 300

6.1 Overview 301

6.2 How do we know about the Industrial Revolution’s impact on people? 303

6.3 How did enclosure change lives? 306

6.4 Did conditions in factories and mines change over time? 311

6.5 How were children exploited and protected? 316

6.6 How did the Industrial Revolution create urbanisation? 320

6.7 How did the Industrial Revolution help create the slave trade? 323

6.8 What happened to those ‘left behind’? 332

6.9 How did people legally, and illegally, challenge the conditions of the time? 336

6.10 Why was the French Revolution a turning point in history? 341

6.11 What new ideas for society were formed during the Industrial Revolution? 346

6.12 Who led the movement for changes in working and living conditions? 354

6.13 Why do people move? 358

6.14 INQUIRY: What was it like to grow up in an industrial town? 365

6.15 Review 366

7 China (1750–1918) 372

7.1 Overview 373

7.2 How do we know about China from 1750–1918? 375

7.3 What was life like during the Qing dynasty? 379

7.4 How did foreign contact impact China? 385

7.5 Why did contact lead to conflict? 389

7.6 How did China change internally? 394

7.7 How did resistance become revolution? 400

7.8 INQUIRY: Key events visual summary 408

7.9 Review 410

Geography 416

8 Geographical Skills and Concepts 418

8.1 Overview 419

8.2 Concepts in Geography 420

8.3 Skills used in Geography 425

8.4 SkillBuilder: Describing spatial relationships in thematic maps

8.5 SkillBuilder: Describing divergence graphs

8.6 SkillBuilder: Describing patterns and correlations on a topographic map

8.7 SkillBuilder: Interpreting satellite images to show change over time

8.8 SkillBuilder: Constructing and describing a transect on a topographic map

8.9 SkillBuilder: Constructing multiple line and cumulative line graphs

8.10 SkillBuilder: Constructing a land use map8.11 SkillBuilder: Creating a survey

8.12 SkillBuilder: Constructing ternary graphs

8.13 SkillBuilder: Constructing and describing proportional circles on maps

8.14 SkillBuilder: Constructing and describing isoline maps

8.15 SkillBuilder: Constructing and describing a flow map

8.16 SkillBuilder: Constructing a table of data for GIS

8.17 SkillBuilder: GIS — deconstructing a map

8.18 SkillBuilder: Interpreting a geographical cartoon

8.19 SkillBuilder: Using advanced survey techniques — interviews

8.20 SkillBuilder: Writing a fieldwork report as an annotated visual display (AVD)

8.21 Review 437

9 Biomes and Food Production 440

9.1 Overview 441

9.2 What are the major biomes around the world? 442

9.3 How do we characterise biomes? 446

9.4 What are Australia's major biomes? 451

9.5 What is the importance of biomes to humans? 455

9.6 How is global food production linked to climate? 462

9.7 How and why do we modify biomes for agriculture? 469

9.8 What types of agriculture are practiced in Australia and Asia? 474

9.9 How are the world's biomes and food production interconnected? 482

9.10 How has deforestation changed the forest biome? 486

9.11 How has overfishing changed the ocean biome? 491

9.12 INQUIRY: Overfishing 496

9.13 What are the causes and effects of land degradation? 497

9.14 Why is global biodiversity diminishing? 505

9.15 Investigating topographic maps — Coastal wetland biome in Binydjarrna (Dalywoi/ Daliwuy Bay) 510

9.16 Review 513

10 Food Security 522

10.1 Overview 523

10.2 What is global food security? 524

10.3 What are the impacts of land loss on food security? 529

10.4 How does access to water supplies impact food security? 536

10.5 What challenges does climate change pose for food security? 541

10.6 How will we feed the future? 546

10.7 How do we improve food production and distribution? 550

10.8 How do First Nations Australians use and alter biomes for food production? 558

10.9 INQUIRY: Famine crisis report 561

10.10 Investigating topographic maps — Lake Victoria as a food source 564

10.11 Review 567

11 Connecting with Our Places 574

11.1 Overview 575

11.2 How do perceptions of land vary? 576

11.3 How do we access places? 581

11.4 INQUIRY: Designing a sustainable garden 586

11.5 How is Australia connected globally through export and import trade? 587

11.6 How does trade connect us? 591

11.7 What is Australia's contribution to the global trade industry? 600

11.8 Is international trade fair? 609

11.9 How do Australians use technology to communicate and interconnect? 615

11.10 What is a digital divide? 620

11.11 Why is e-waste presenting such significant challenges? 625

11.12 Investigating topographic maps — Norway — the best place on Earth 632

11.13 Review 635

12 Connecting People and Place 640

12.1 Overview 641

12.2 How is tourism important? 642

12.3 What is global tourism? 649

12.4 Is Australian tourism growing? 657

12.5 What are the impacts of tourism? 662

12.6 How can we manage the environmental impacts of tourism? 667

12.7 What is cultural tourism? 672

12.8 How are tourism and sport connected? 679

12.9 INQUIRY: Cruising sustainably 684

12.10 Investigating topographic maps: Nature-driven tourism at Victoria Falls 686

12.11 Review 689

Civics and Citizenship 694

13 Civics and Citizenship Concepts and Skills 696

13.1 Overview 697

13.2 Concepts in Civics and Citizenship 698

13.3 Skills in Civics and Citizenship 701

13.4 SkillBuilder: Using Cornell Notetaking

13.5 SkillBuilder: Using and referencing quotes

13.6 SkillBuilder: Analysing bias

13.7 SkillBuilder: Creating political advertisements

13.8 SkillBuilder: Structuring an essay

13.9 SkillBuilder: Conducting and analysing a survey

13.10 SkillBuilder: Creating and analysing a table

13.11 Review 705

14 Constitutional Change and the Legislative Process 706

14.1 Overview 707

14.2 How can the Constitution be changed? 708

14.3 What is the federal government responsible for? 713

14.4 How are conflicts between federal and state government responsibilities resolved? 717

14.5 INQUIRY: COVID-19 policy — state or federal responsibility? 724

14.6 Review 725

15 Australia’s Justice System and the Courts 728

15.1 Overview 729

15.2 What are the key features of the Australian court system? 730

15.3 What are the different courts and their different jurisdictions? 738

15.4 Are there alternative ways to resolve disputes? 746

15.5 How do courts make laws through judgements? 751

15.6 What is a fair trial? 758

15.7 What are the barriers to fairness, equality and access to justice? 764

15.8 What is the role of the police? 771

15.9 How do you achieve justice and what is the right to appeal? 776

15.10 INQUIRY: #RaiseTheAge 781

15.11 Review 783

16 Global Citizenship 788

16.1 Overview 789

16.2 What does it mean to be a global citizen? 790

16.3 How can global citizens make a difference? 794

16.4 How do forms of media influence identity and global citizenship? 799

16.5 INQUIRY: Are Australians active global citizens? 804

16.6 Review 806

Economics and Business 810

17 Economics and Business Concepts and Skills 812

17.1 Overview 813

17.2 Concepts in Economics and Business 814

17.3 Skills in Economics and Business 821

17.4 SkillBuilder: Conducting research into Australia’s connections with the world

17.5 SkillBuilder: Interpreting the trends for money lost in scams

17.6 SkillBuilder: Evaluating an insurance policy

17.7 SkillBuilder: Preparing a reasoned argument in relation to an economic or business issue

17.8 Review 824

18 The Australian and Global Economies 826

18.1 Overview 827

18.2 How does Australia trade with other economies? 828

18.3 What goods and services are imported into Australia? 836

18.4 How do global events impact the Australian economy? 842

18.5 How do global supply chains operate? 848

18.6 What are transnational corporations? 855

18.7 How does globalisation impact the international economy? 860

18.8 INQUIRY: How would you do it? 867

18.9 Review 869

19 Innovation and Risk 874

19.1 Overview 875

19.2 What is the role of banks and other deposit-taking institutions? 876

19.3 What financial risks do consumers face? 880

19.4 What are the different types of investment? 884

19.5 What financial rewards can consumers receive? 890

19.6 What is the importance of ethical decision-making and corporate social responsibility? 894

19.7 How are consumers protected? 898

19.8 Why is innovation important to businesses? 903

19.9 How do building connections and innovation help a business? 908

19.10 How can businesses reduce costs? 912

19.11 INQUIRY: Financial risks and rewards 917

19.12 Review 919

Glossary 924

Index 935