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About this resource ix
About eBookPLUS and studyON xii
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Investigating data distributions 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Types of data 3
1.3 Stem plots 6
1.4 Dot plots, frequency tables and histograms, and bar charts 14
1.5 Describing the shape of stem plots and histograms 29
1.6 The median, the interquartile range, the range and the mode 35
1.7 Boxplots 44
1.8 The mean of a sample 53
1.9 Standard deviation of a sample 57
1.10 Populations and simple random samples 64
1.11 The 68–95–99.7% rule and z-scores 68
1.12 Review: exam practice 78
Answers 89
2 Investigating associations between two variables 99
2.1 Overview 99
2.2 Response and explanatory variables 101
2.3 Two-way (contingency) frequency tables and segmented bar charts 103
2.4 Back-to-back stem plots 110
2.5 Parallel boxplots and dot plots 115
2.6 Scatterplots 120
2.7 Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient 128
2.8 Calculating r and the coefficient of determination, r2 133
2.9 Correlation and causation 139
2.10 Review: exam practice 142
Answers 148
3 Investigating and modelling linear associations 157
3.1 Overview 157
3.2 Fitting a straight line least-squares regression 159
3.3 Interpretation, interpolation and extrapolation 166
3.4 Residual analysis 172
3.5 Transforming to linearity 179
3.6 Review: exam practice 189
4 Investigating and modelling time series data 200
4.1 Overview 200
4.2 Time series and trend lines 202
4.3 Trend lines and forecasting 208
4.4 Smoothing time series 216
4.5 Smoothing with an even number of points 222
4.6 Median smoothing from a graph 227
4.7 Seasonal adjustment 231
4.8 Review: exam practice 243
Answers 250
Revision Topics 1 to 4 266
5 Depreciation of assets 267
5.1 Overview 267
5.2 Generating the terms of a first-order recurrence relation 269
5.3 Modelling flat rate depreciation with a recurrence relation 272
5.4 Modelling reducing balance depreciation with a recurrence relation 276
5.5 Modelling unit cost depreciation with a recurrence relation 283
5.6 Review: exam practice 290
Answers 293
6 Simple and compound interest investments and loans 298
6.1 Overview 298
6.2 Simple interest 300
6.3 Compound interest as a geometric recurrence relation 305
6.4 Compound interest rule 309
6.5 Finding rate or time for compound interest 315
6.6 Effective annual interest rate 319
6.7 Review: exam practice 323
Answers 325
7 Reducing balance loans, annuities and perpetuities 327
7.1 Overview 327
7.2 Modelling reducing balance loans with recurrence relations 329
7.3 Solving problems involving reducing balance loans using a Finance Solver 335
7.4 The effect of rate and repayment changes on reducing balance loans 347
7.5 Annuities and perpetuities 357
7.6 Annuity investments 367
7.7 Review: exam practice 375
Answers 378
Revision Topics 5 to 7 382
8 Matrices 383
8.1 Overview 383
8.2 Matrix representation 385
8.3 Addition, subtraction and scalar operations with matrices 393
8.4 Multiplying matrices 403
8.5 Multiplicative inverse and solving matrix equations 416
8.6 Dominance and communication matrices 422
8.7 Application of matrices to simultaneous equations 431
8.8 Transition matrices 439
8.9 Review: exam practice 456
Answers 463
Revision Topic 8 470
9 Undirected graphs and networks 471
9.1 Overview 471
9.2 Basic concepts of a network 473
9.3 Planar graphs and Euler’s formula 481
9.4 Walks, trails, paths, cycles and circuits 488
9.5 Trees and their applications 497
9.6 Review: exam practice 511
Answers 518
10 Directed graphs and networks 523
10.1 Overview 523
10.2 Critical path analysis 524
10.3 Critical path analysis with backward scanning and crashing 535
10.4 Network flow 551
10.5 Assignment problems and bipartite graphs 561
10.6 Review: exam practice 572
Answers 581
Revision Topics 9 to 10 588
11 Geometry and measurement 589
11.1 Overview 589
11.2 Review of properties of angles, triangles and polygons 590
11.3 Review of area and perimeter of composite shapes 597
11.4 Total surface area 607
11.5 Volume of prisms, pyramids and spheres 614
11.6 Similar figures 623
11.7 Similar triangles 629
11.8 Triangulation similarity 636
11.9 Area and volume scale factors 640
11.10 Review: exam practice 650
Answers 655
12 Geometry and trigonometry 658
12.1 Overview 658
12.2 Two- and three-dimensional Pythagoras’ theorem 659
12.3 Trigonometric ratios 667
12.4 The sine rule 675
12.5 Ambiguous case of the sine rule 683
12.6 The cosine rule 687
12.7 Area of triangles 691
12.8 Angles of elevation and depression 697
12.9 Bearings and specification of location 703
12.10 Triangulation cosine and sine rules 712
12.11 Review: exam practice 721
Answers 730
13 Spherical geometry 733
13.1 Overview 733
13.2 Circle mensuration 735
13.3 Right-angled triangles within a sphere 740
13.4 The earth as a sphere 744
13.5 Time zones 750
13.6 Review: exam practice 753
Answers 756
Revision Topics 11 to 13 758
14 Construction and interpretation of graphs 759
14.1 Overview 759
14.2 Constructing and interpreting straight-line graphs 760
14.3 Line segments and step functions 771
14.4 Simultaneous equations and break-even point 778
14.5 Interpreting non-linear graphs 785
14.6 Constructing non-linear relations and graphs 792
14.7 Review: exam practice 798
Answers 804
15 Linear programming 813
15.1 Overview 813
15.2 Linear inequalities 815
15.3 Simultaneous linear inequalities 819
15.4 Linear programming 825
15.5 Applications 838
15.6 Review: exam practice 851
Answers 856
Revision Topics 14 to 15 865
Glossary 866
Index 874