Jacaranda Science Quest 9 for the Victorian Curriculum 2E LearnON & Print

Preface v

About the authors vi

About this title viii

Access all of your online resources x

Acknowledgements xiii

Science Inquiry

1 Investigating science 1

1.1 Overview 2

1.2 Scientists through the ages 4

1.3 Accidents and observations 7

1.4 A question of ethics 10

1.5 Your own investigation 13

1.6 SkillBuilder — Writing an aim and forming a hypothesis

1.7 SkillBuilder — Controlled, dependent and independent variables

1.8 SkillBuilder — Measuring and reading scales

1.9 SkillBuilder — Drawing a line graph

1.10 SkillBuilder — Creating a simple column or bar graph

1.11 Case study 30

1.12 Using spreadsheets 33

1.13 Using data loggers and databases 39

1.14 Thinking tools — Visual thinking tools 48

1.15 Review 52

Biological Sciences

2 Control and coordination 59

2.1 Overview 60

2.2 Coordination and control 62

2.3 The nervous system — fast control 69

2.4 Getting the message 81

2.5 The brain 93

2.6 The endocrine system — slow control 101

2.7 Plant hormones 109

2.8 Emotions and the limbic system 116

2.9 Memory 121

2.10 Sleep 127

2.11 The teen brain 132

2.12 Damage to the nervous system 134

2.13 Studying the brain 138

2.14 Review 144

3 Systems working together 155

3.1 Overview 156

3.2 Respiratory and circulatory systems 158

3.3 Essential intake 168

3.4 Digestive and excretory systems 178

3.5 Living warehouses 188

3.6 Myths, moods and foods 200

3.7 Drugs on your brain 204

3.8 Organ transplants and stem cells 212

3.9 Thinking tools — Priority grids and matrixes 220

3.10 Review 222

4 The body at war 233

4.1 Overview 234

4.2 Catch us if you can 236

4.3 The good, the bad and the ugly 241

4.4 Historical medicine 250

4.5 Zooming in — microscale and nanoscale 254

4.6 Outbreak 260

4.7 Putting up defences 267

4.8 Immunity and immunisation 273

4.9 Our noble Nobels 280

4.10 Thinking tools — Cycle maps and relations diagrams 286

4.11 Review 289

5 Ecosystems 297

5.1 Overview 298

5.2 Ecosystems 300

5.3 Measuring biodiversity 307

5.4 Plants — the structure of the producers 317

5.5 Photosynthesis 325

5.6 Cellular respiration 333

5.7 Relationships in ecosystems 339

5.8 Changes in populations 345

5.9 Adapting to dry conditions 353

5.10 Bushfires change ecosystems 359

5.11 Thinking tools — SWOT analysis 367

5.12 Project — Blast off! 370

5.13 Review 371

Chemical Sciences

6 Inside the atom 383

6.1 Overview 384

6.2 Chemical building blocks 386

6.3 Stability and change — inside the nucleus 391

6.4 Using radioactivity 398

6.5 The dark side of radiation 406

6.6 Thinking tools — Concept maps and plus, minus, interesting charts 413

6.7 Review 416

7 Chemical reactions 421

7.1 Overview 422

7.2 Rearranging atoms and molecules 424

7.3 Chemical reactions and energy 428

7.4 Acids and bases 436

7.5 Acid rain 447

7.6 Combustion reactions 451

7.7 Thinking tools — Matrixes and plus, minus interesting charts 457

7.8 Project — ChemQuiz 459

7.9 Review 460

Earth and Space Sciences

8 The dynamic Earth 467

8.1 Overview 468

8.2 The Earth’s crust 470

8.3 The theory of plate tectonics 476

8.4 Rocks under pressure 486

8.5 Earthquakes 492

8.6 Volcanoes 501

8.7 Thinking tools — Double bubble maps 507

8.8 Project — Disaster-proof 509

8.9 Review 510

Physical Sciences

9 Energy transmission 519

9.1 Overview 520

9.2 Heat transfer 522

9.3 Controlling heat transfer 532

9.4 Heat transfer and the planet 536

9.5 Matter and energy—Waves 540

9.6 Energy transfer by sound 545

9.7 Hearing sound 551

9.8 Energy transfer by light 559

9.9 Wave behaviour of light 565

9.10 Seeing the light 582

9.11 Communication 587

9.12 The Synchrotron 598

9.13 Thinking tools — Plus, minus, interesting charts 602

9.14 Project — Did you hear that? 604

9.15 Review 605

10 Electricity at work 617

10.1 Overview 618

10.2 Static electricity 620

10.3 Electrical circuits 627

10.4 Battery technology 633

10.5 Series and parallel circuits 637

10.6 Measuring electricity 642

10.7 Resisting the electrons! 648

10.8 Electronics — Smaller and smaller 654

10.9 Electricity and magnetism 658

10.10 The motor effect 664

10.11 Generators 667

10.12 The future of electricity 677

10.13 Thinking tools — Flow charts 682

10.14 Project — Go-Go Gadget online shop 684

10.15 Review 685

Elective Topics

11 Psychology

11.1 Overview

11.2 Introducing psychology

11.3 The brain

11.4 Intelligence

11.5 Emotions and communication

11.6 Sleep and sleep disorders

11.7 Psychopathology

11.8 Treatment of mental disorders

11.9 Groups and social psychology

11.10 Forensic psychology

11.11 Review

12 Forensics

12.1 Overview

12.2 The Forensic Herald

12.3 Who knows who dunnit?

12.4 Forensic toolbox

12.5 Discovering the truth through forensics

12.6 Clues from blood

12.7 Clues in hair, fibres and tracks

12.8 Life as a forensic scientist

12.9 Forensics and the future

12.10 Review

Glossary 701

Periodic table 722

Index 724