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Preface v
About the authors vi
About this title viii
Access all of your online resources x
Acknowledgements xiii
Science Inquiry
1 Investigating science 1
1.1 Overview 2
1.2 Scientists through the ages 4
1.3 Accidents and observations 7
1.4 A question of ethics 10
1.5 Your own investigation 13
1.6 SkillBuilder Writing an aim and forming a hypothesis
1.7 SkillBuilder Controlled, dependent and independent variables
1.8 SkillBuilder Measuring and reading scales
1.9 SkillBuilder Drawing a line graph
1.10 SkillBuilder Creating a simple column or bar graph
1.11 Case study 30
1.12 Using spreadsheets 33
1.13 Using data loggers and databases 39
1.14 Thinking tools Visual thinking tools 48
1.15 Review 52
Biological Sciences
2 Control and coordination 59
2.1 Overview 60
2.2 Coordination and control 62
2.3 The nervous system fast control 69
2.4 Getting the message 81
2.5 The brain 93
2.6 The endocrine system slow control 101
2.7 Plant hormones 109
2.8 Emotions and the limbic system 116
2.9 Memory 121
2.10 Sleep 127
2.11 The teen brain 132
2.12 Damage to the nervous system 134
2.13 Studying the brain 138
2.14 Review 144
3 Systems working together 155
3.1 Overview 156
3.2 Respiratory and circulatory systems 158
3.3 Essential intake 168
3.4 Digestive and excretory systems 178
3.5 Living warehouses 188
3.6 Myths, moods and foods 200
3.7 Drugs on your brain 204
3.8 Organ transplants and stem cells 212
3.9 Thinking tools Priority grids and matrixes 220
3.10 Review 222
4 The body at war 233
4.1 Overview 234
4.2 Catch us if you can 236
4.3 The good, the bad and the ugly 241
4.4 Historical medicine 250
4.5 Zooming in microscale and nanoscale 254
4.6 Outbreak 260
4.7 Putting up defences 267
4.8 Immunity and immunisation 273
4.9 Our noble Nobels 280
4.10 Thinking tools Cycle maps and relations diagrams 286
4.11 Review 289
5 Ecosystems 297
5.1 Overview 298
5.2 Ecosystems 300
5.3 Measuring biodiversity 307
5.4 Plants the structure of the producers 317
5.5 Photosynthesis 325
5.6 Cellular respiration 333
5.7 Relationships in ecosystems 339
5.8 Changes in populations 345
5.9 Adapting to dry conditions 353
5.10 Bushfires change ecosystems 359
5.11 Thinking tools SWOT analysis 367
5.12 Project Blast off! 370
5.13 Review 371
Chemical Sciences
6 Inside the atom 383
6.1 Overview 384
6.2 Chemical building blocks 386
6.3 Stability and change inside the nucleus 391
6.4 Using radioactivity 398
6.5 The dark side of radiation 406
6.6 Thinking tools Concept maps and plus, minus, interesting charts 413
6.7 Review 416
7 Chemical reactions 421
7.1 Overview 422
7.2 Rearranging atoms and molecules 424
7.3 Chemical reactions and energy 428
7.4 Acids and bases 436
7.5 Acid rain 447
7.6 Combustion reactions 451
7.7 Thinking tools Matrixes and plus, minus interesting charts 457
7.8 Project ChemQuiz 459
7.9 Review 460
Earth and Space Sciences
8 The dynamic Earth 467
8.1 Overview 468
8.2 The Earth’s crust 470
8.3 The theory of plate tectonics 476
8.4 Rocks under pressure 486
8.5 Earthquakes 492
8.6 Volcanoes 501
8.7 Thinking tools Double bubble maps 507
8.8 Project Disaster-proof 509
8.9 Review 510
Physical Sciences
9 Energy transmission 519
9.1 Overview 520
9.2 Heat transfer 522
9.3 Controlling heat transfer 532
9.4 Heat transfer and the planet 536
9.5 Matter and energyWaves 540
9.6 Energy transfer by sound 545
9.7 Hearing sound 551
9.8 Energy transfer by light 559
9.9 Wave behaviour of light 565
9.10 Seeing the light 582
9.11 Communication 587
9.12 The Synchrotron 598
9.13 Thinking tools Plus, minus, interesting charts 602
9.14 Project Did you hear that? 604
9.15 Review 605
10 Electricity at work 617
10.1 Overview 618
10.2 Static electricity 620
10.3 Electrical circuits 627
10.4 Battery technology 633
10.5 Series and parallel circuits 637
10.6 Measuring electricity 642
10.7 Resisting the electrons! 648
10.8 Electronics Smaller and smaller 654
10.9 Electricity and magnetism 658
10.10 The motor effect 664
10.11 Generators 667
10.12 The future of electricity 677
10.13 Thinking tools Flow charts 682
10.14 Project Go-Go Gadget online shop 684
10.15 Review 685
Elective Topics
11 Psychology
11.1 Overview
11.2 Introducing psychology
11.3 The brain
11.4 Intelligence
11.5 Emotions and communication
11.6 Sleep and sleep disorders
11.7 Psychopathology
11.8 Treatment of mental disorders
11.9 Groups and social psychology
11.10 Forensic psychology
11.11 Review
12 Forensics
12.1 Overview
12.2 The Forensic Herald
12.3 Who knows who dunnit?
12.4 Forensic toolbox
12.5 Discovering the truth through forensics
12.6 Clues from blood
12.7 Clues in hair, fibres and tracks
12.8 Life as a forensic scientist
12.9 Forensics and the future
12.10 Review
Glossary 701
Periodic table 722
Index 724